魚類屬於脊索動物門中的脊椎動物亞門。其特徵是有鰓的水生動物，缺乏四肢及肢末端的指。一般人把脊椎動物分為魚類（53%）、鳥類（18%）、爬行類（12%）、哺乳類（9%）、兩生類（8%）五大類。根據已故加拿大学者Nelson（1994年）統計，全球当时已知魚類約有28000種，占已命名脊椎動物一半以上，且新種魚類不斷被發現。目前全球已命名的魚種约在32100種。[1]
魚類包括盲鰻、七鰓鰻、軟骨魚及硬骨魚等，也包括許多已經絕種的物種。魚絕大部份屬於冷血動物，其體溫會隨外在環境溫度而變化，極少數像大白鲨、及鮪魚及月魚等可以將體溫維持在較高的溫度[2] [3][4]。在大部份的水體中都有魚。幾乎所有的水生環境中都有魚，從高山的溪流（如鱒魚）到深海帶甚至超深海渊带（像囊鰓鰻目及鮟鱇魚）。魚比其他的脊椎动物有更多的物種變異性[5]。
魚是人類重要的資源之一，尤其是食用鱼。漁夫可能是用海上捕撈的方式捕魚，也可能是用水產養殖的方式飼養。人類也可能因為娛樂、想要進行水族饲养或是在水族館展示而捕魚或釣魚。魚在一些文化中曾經是神或是宗教的符號，同時也是許多藝術、書藉或電影的主題。
最早可以歸類於為魚類的生物是软躯体的脊索动物，在寒武纪首次出現，雖然沒有真脊柱，但是有脊索，因此其動作較其他脊索动物更加靈活。魚在古生代繼續演化，產生很多不同的物種，其中許多都是盾皮魚綱，有骨甲防止成為其他動物的食物。第一個有下顎的魚出現在志留紀，而許多的魚已經變成強大的肉食動物，而不再成為节肢动物的食物。
A fish is any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature.[1][2] Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., gulpers and anglerfish). At 32,000 species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates.[3]
Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food. Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries (see fishing) or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean (see aquaculture). They are also caught by recreational fishers, kept as pets, raised by fishkeepers, and exhibited in public aquaria. Fish have had a role in culture through the ages, serving as deities, religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies.
Because the term "fish" is defined negatively, and excludes the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) which descend from within the same ancestry, it is paraphyletic, and is not considered a proper grouping in systematic biology. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not aphylogenetic classification.
The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators. The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many (such as sharks) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods.
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