羊 Goat

羊是對部份羊亞科動物的統稱，在生物學上稱為羊族（學名：Caprini）為羊亞科下的一個族，羊亚科的羊族统称为羊，中國古代稱羶根^[1]、珍郎^[2]、卷婁^[3]、獨筍子^[4]。

羊族下包括山羊、綿羊、大角羊、蠻羊等。

The domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe.

The goat is a member of the family Bovidae and is closely related to the sheep as both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat.^[1] Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species, and have been used for their milk, meat, hair, and skins over much of the world.^[2] In 2011, there were more than 924 million live goats around the globe, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.^[3]

Female goats are referred to as "does" or "nannies", intact males as "bucks", "billies", or "rams" and their offspring are "kids". Castrated males are "wethers". Goat meat from younger animals is called "kid" or cabrito (Spanish), and from older animals is simply known as "goat" or sometimes called chevon (French), or in some areas "mutton" (which more often refers to adult sheep meat).

牛 Cow

牛（学名：Bovini），即是牛族，為牛亞科下的一個族，是人類的家畜之一，牛族的成员都是大到极大的草食性动物，其中包括对人类非常重要的家牛、黄牛、水牛和牦牛。最大的野生牛族成员是非洲水牛和美洲野牛。这一族一般统称为牛。

Cattle—colloquially cows^{[note 1]}—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos taurus. Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen or bullocks that pull carts, plows and other implements). Other products include leather and dung formanure or fuel. In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle have significant religious meaning. From as few as 80 progenitors domesticated in southeast Turkey about 10,500 years ago,^[1] according to an estimate from 2003, there are 1.3 billion cattle in the world.^[2] In 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome.^[3] Some consider cattle the oldest form of wealth, and cattle raiding consequently one of the earliest forms of theft.

蛇 Snake

蛇（学名：Serpentes），是無足的爬蟲類動物的總稱，属于爬行纲有鳞目蛇亚目的总称。又有虵、虺、螣、蚦、蜧、蜦、长虫等別稱，根據品種也會有蝮、蚺、蟒、蝰等近義稱呼。正如所有爬蟲類一樣，蛇類全身佈滿鱗片。所有蛇類都是肉食性動物。目前全球共有3,000多種蛇類，包括體型最短小的細盲蛇科以至最長的蟒科及蚺科。為了配合蛇類窄長的身體，成對的內臟（如肺、腎）會在蛇體前後排列，而非左右互對。

部分蛇類擁有毒性，能令被其咬擊的生物受傷、疼痛以至死亡。蛇的另一個特徵是顎部能作出廣角度的開合，因此能吞食比自己身型龐大的獵物。生物研究指蛇類大概於白堊紀時代由蜥蜴類衍生而成。現代蛇類的分類研究，大概可追溯至古新世時代。目前紀錄中最巨型的蛇類是活於古新世的泰坦巨蟒，長度達13米長，其化石被發現的年份是2009年；^[1]目前體型最細小的蛇類是卡拉細盲蛇，長度約只有10公分長而已。^[2]

Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes^[2] that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. Like all squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaws. To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair ofvestigial claws on either side of the cloaca.

Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses — exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland and New Zealand, and many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific.^[3] Additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. More than 20families are currently recognized, comprising about 500 genera and about 3,400 species.^[4][5] They range in size from the tiny, 10 cm-long thread snake to the reticulated python of up to 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length.^[6] The fossil species Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 13 meters (43 ft) long.^[7] Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the Jurassic period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 Ma ago.^[8] The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene period (c 66 to 56 Ma ago). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus.

Most species are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction.

兔子 Rabbit

兔，又称兔子，在汉语中是哺乳类兔形目兔科（学名：Leporidae）物种的总称。

在英语中，兔科下属所有的屬，除了兔屬（Lepus）以外，通常被称为“rabbit”（中文常译为“兔子”）；而兔屬大約占近一半的種類則常被稱為“hare”（常中译为“野兔”）。然而，在這兩種俗名的區別並不應用於現在的科學分類，例如长耳大野兔是兔屬的成員，而岩兔屬（Pronolagus）和粗毛兔屬（Caprolagus）有時被稱為“hare”。

Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are eight different genera in the family classifiedas rabbits, including the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), cottontail rabbits (genus Sylvilagus; 13 species), and the Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi, anendangered species on Amami Ōshima, Japan). There are many other species of rabbit, and these, along with pikas and hares, make up the order Lagomorpha. The male is called a buck and the female is a doe; a young rabbit is a kitten or kit.

猫 Cat

貓（學名：Felis silvestris catus），俗称貓咪，通常指向家貓，為小型貓科動物，是為野貓（又稱斑貓；Felis silvestris）中的亞種^[1]，此外也有其它未經過《國際動物命名法規》認可的命名，例如Felis catus。人類從古代就有養貓的紀錄，於5,000年前完全將其馴化^{[來源請求]}，古埃及人飼養貓來捕鼠及其他齧齒目動物，以防止牠們吃掉谷物。現在，貓成為世界上最為廣泛的寵物之一，飼養率僅次於犬。貓的平均壽命為12年。

品種被認證的貓會稱為純種貓，主人會讓貓繁殖出他們認為趨于“完美”的物種（參見選擇繁殖）。

The domestic cat^[1][2] (Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus)^[2][4] is a small, usually furry, domesticated, and carnivorous mammal. They are often called housecatswhen kept as an indoor pet or simply cats when there is no need to distinguish them from other felids and felines.^[6] Cats are often valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt vermin.

Cats are similar in anatomy to the other felids, with strong, flexible bodies, quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws, and teeth adapted to killing small prey. Cat senses fit acrepuscular and predatory ecological niche. Cats can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small animals. They can see in near darkness. Like most other mammals, cats have poorer color vision and a better sense of smell than humans.

Despite being solitary hunters, cats are a social species and cat communication includes the use of a variety of vocalizations (mewing, purring, trilling, hissing, growlingand grunting), as well as cat pheromones and types of cat-specific body language.^[7]

Cats have a high breeding rate. Under controlled breeding, they can be bred and shown as registered pedigree pets, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control the breeding of pet cats by neutering and the abandonment of former household pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, requiring population control.^[8]This has contributed, along with habitat destruction and other factors, to extinction of many bird species. Cats have been known to extirpate a bird species within a specific region and may have contributed to extinction of isolated island populations.^[9] Cats are thought to be primarily, though not solely responsible, for the extinction of 33 species of birds and the presence of feral and free ranging cats makes some locations unsuitable for attempted species reestablishment in otherwise suitable locations.^[10]

Since cats were venerated in ancient Egypt, they were commonly believed to have been domesticated there,^[11] but there may have been instances of domestication as early as the Neolithic from around 9,500 years ago (7,500 BC).^[12] A genetic study in 2007 concluded that domestic cats are descended from African wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica), having diverged around 8,000 BC in West Asia.^[11][13] Cats are the most popular pet in the world, and are now found in almost every place where humans live.^[14]

穿山甲 Pangolin

鳞甲目（Pholidota）只有1科1属，即穿山甲科（Manidae）穿山甲属（Manis）。屬於該目的动物通稱鯪鯉，俗称穿山甲。

穿山甲是一类从头到尾披覆鳞片的食蚁动物，分佈在非洲和亚洲各地。亞洲地區分佈在中國大陆（湖南、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、贵州、四川、云南、福建、广东、广西、海南）、泰國、印尼、菲律賓、越南、寮國、柬埔寨、馬來西亞、印度，以及台灣中低海拔之山麓至海拔1,000公尺左右的山區。

最早在《楚辞·天问》中即有穿山甲的記載：“鯪鱼何所”王逸注：“一云鯪鱼，鯪鲤也，有四足，出南方。”北魏人高祐因認出穿山甲而聞名^[1]。陶弘景《本草经集注》记载“能陆能水，日中出岸，张开鳞甲如死状，诱蚁入甲，即闭而入水，开甲蚁皆浮出，围接而食之。”李时珍認為穿山甲不是以鳞片诱蚁，而是“常吐舌诱蚁食之”^[2]。

2014年7月，由倫敦動物學會主持的IUCN紅色名錄物種存續委員會穿山甲專門小組，發出警告指穿山甲是目前全世界最常被走私買賣的哺乳類動物。中華穿山甲及馬來穿山甲均在 IUCN 紅色名錄中的保護級別提升至「極危」，全部 8 個物種均面臨絕種威脅。非法走私的活動是前所未有的猖獗。隨著亞洲四種穿山甲物種數量暴跌，走私貿易商家已轉移目標至非洲，以滿足市場上的龐大需求。^[3][4][5]

Dolphins are cetacean mammals belonging to the toothed whales (Odontoceti) suborder.

There are almost forty species of dolphin in 17 genera. They vary in size from 1.2 m (4 ft) and 40 kg (90 lb) (Maui's dolphin), up to 9.5 m (30 ft) and 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons) (the killer whale or orca). They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves and are carnivores, eating mostly fish and squid. Thefamily Delphinidae, the largest in the order Cetacea, evolved relatively recently, about ten million years ago during the Miocene.

海豚 Dolphin

海豚（学名：Delphinidae）是与鯨魚和鼠海豚密切相关的水生哺乳动物，广泛生活在大陆架附近的浅海里，偶见于淡水之中。海豚大约包括了20几个属中的60多个种，其中海豚科是鯨目中最大的一科，大约于1000万年前的中新世演化而成。各种海豚的长度从1.2米到9.5米，重量从40千克到10吨不等^{[參 1][參 2]}，它们主要以鱼类和软体动物为食。海豚是智商最高的动物之一，有着看起来友善的形态和爱嬉闹性格的它們，在人类文化中一向十分受欢迎。

Dolphins are cetacean mammals belonging to the toothed whales (Odontoceti) suborder.

There are almost forty species of dolphin in 17 genera. They vary in size from 1.2 m (4 ft) and 40 kg (90 lb) (Maui's dolphin), up to 9.5 m (30 ft) and 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons) (the killer whale or orca). They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves and are carnivores, eating mostly fish and squid. Thefamily Delphinidae, the largest in the order Cetacea, evolved relatively recently, about ten million years ago during the Miocene.