企鹅 Penguin

企鹅 （ 为了 Sphenisciformes， 家庭 Spheniscidae）是一组水产品 ， 不会飞 的鸟生活几乎完全是在南半球 ，尤其是在南极洲 。 非常适合生活在水中，企鹅已经countershaded黑暗和白色的羽毛 ，它们的翅膀已经进化成鳍状肢 。 大多数企鹅捕食磷虾 ， 鱼 ， 鱿鱼和其他形式的海洋生物 ，而水下游泳抓。 他们花费大约一半他们的生活在陆地上，一半的海洋。

虽然所有企鹅物种原产于南半球，他们不仅在寒冷的气候，如南极洲发现的。 事实上，只有少数品种的企鹅生活如此遥远的南方。 几个物种被发现在温带区域，一个物种的加拉帕戈斯企鹅 ，住在赤道附近。

最大的生物物种是帝企鹅 （ 王企鹅属forsteri）：平均成年人约1.1米（3英尺7英寸）高，重35千克（77磅）以上。 最小的企鹅品种是小蓝企鹅 （Eudyptula未成年人 ），也被称为神仙企鹅，它代表约40厘米（16英寸）高，体重1千克（2.2磅）。 在现存企鹅，企鹅较大栖息寒冷地区，而较小的企鹅通常见于温带或热带甚至气候（ 见也 伯格曼法则 ）。 一些史前物种获得巨大的规模，成为为高或重如一个成年人。 这些没有被限制在南极地区; 相反， 亚南极地区怀着高度多样性，以及至少一个巨型企鹅发生在南部地区不太2000公里的的赤道 35 万年前 ，在气候断然比今天暖和。

Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, especially in Antarctica. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, and their wings have evolved into flippers. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squidand other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater. They spend about half of their lives on land and half in the oceans.

Although all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south. Several species are found in the temperate zone, and one species, the Galápagos penguin, lives near the equator.

The largest living species is the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri): on average adults are about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 35 kg (77 lb) or more. The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor), also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 40 cm (16 in) tall and weighs 1 kg (2.2 lb). Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates (see also Bergmann's rule). Someprehistoric species attained enormous sizes, becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human. These were not restricted to Antarctic regions; on the contrary, subantarcticregions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region not quite 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya, in a climate decidedly warmer than today.